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Q. How is the checksum calculated in NMEA 0183?

A. The checksum is the 8-bit exclusive OR (no start or stop bits) of all characters in the sentence, including the "," delimiters, between -- but not including -- the "$" and "*" delimiters. The hexadecimal value of the most significant and least significant 4 bits of the result are converted to two ASCII characters (0-9, A-F) for transmission. The most significant character is transmitted first.

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